Thursday, September 3, 2020

Aruba :: Free Descriptive Essay About A Place

Aruba Aruba’s political focus was situated on the island of Curacao while under the pilgrim control of the Netherlands from 1634 until 1986. Choices on policy centered issues in Aruba were made by the Dutch Governor who was situated on Curacao. With the monetary blast of the petroleum treatment facilities in the 1900’s, the individuals of Aruba began to want to have a state in issues confronting them. Numerous policy centered issues were required to be postponed in light of World War II and the German control of the Netherlands from 1940 to 1944. With the world settled, the issue of the post war treatment of their provinces must be looked by the Dutch. The Netherlands Antilles, which incorporates - - was allowed widespread grown-up testimonial in 1950 and inward self-government in 1950. Following four years of impressive conversation, the Dutch government and its American provinces embraced an abnormal protected analysis, the Statute of the Realm, which got powerful in December 1954. Under the Statute, the Dutch ruler reined over a composite domain comprised of the three realms of the Netherlands, Suriname, and the Netherlands Antilles. The sculpture gives the Dutch islands impressive independence. The domain has ward over protection, remote issues, the sharing of citizenship, and certain other explicit issues. All other administrative forces are held to the previous states. Indeed, even in remote undertakings, the Netherlands Antilles can join worldwide bodies, and the Realm may not represent the moment of truth arrangements influencing its Caribbean individuals without their assent . The Kingdom of the Netherlands Antilles shaped the Antilles Federation. The focal point of political force for Aruba during the frontier time frame was situated in Curacao. With the coming changes coming about because of World War II, the main problem presented before the war was not settled. An administration situated on Curacao despite everything controlled Aruba. Pioneers of Aruba stayed persuaded that Curacao rewarded them unjustifiably and unfairly got a lot of their salary. The Netherlands kept up that any island leaving the organization must turn into an autonomous country. As Aruba’s economy was supported by the foundation of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey (Exxon)’s biggest processing plant on the planet in 19 - , the sob for freedom (or â€Å"Status Aparte†) turned out to be increasingly distinctive. During this period the ideological groups A.V.P (Arubaanse Volks Partij) and U.N.A. (Association Nacionalista Arybano) represented the island.

Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Business P6 UNIT 12 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business P6 UNIT 12 - Essay Example These sorts of web based promoting work in a twenty-four-hour time span, where the objective customer is, helpfully, set to get the ad (Sheehan, 2010). Internet promoting has expected advantages, both to the objective customer and the publicizing organization. One of the huge advantages is comfort, where an organization is just getting started on the world stage with little costs. It is likewise advantageous to customers in that an individual can peruse the online stores whenever, and put in their requests at a helpful time. Web based showcasing is additionally, cost, compelling than the typical physical retail. A business element doesn't need to cause costs felt on property rental on retail outlets. Web showcasing empowers one to fabricate an individual profile of the customer, where customer follow up is conceivable, and the expense is compelling. There customized offers to address customer issues, and welcome them to make item audits, subsequently holding them as normal clients (Sheehan, 2010). Another significant advantage is availability, particularly to individuals who are impaired. Sheehan (2010) sees that physical boundaries for getting to items don't exist any longer on the grounds that the web can be gotten to from different electronic gadgets that are consumable and advantageous, even to the incapacitated. What's more, there are expected advantages to an online association, making it simple to deal with its activity. It is additionally savvy, in that one doesn't need to acquire investment property for activity. Besides, numerous organizations are picking to do promoting web based, implying that there is a colossal potential for

Saturday, August 22, 2020

School Physical Plant Management Free Essays

School Physical Plant Management What do you comprehend with the term school plant? The school plant is the totality of everything that make up an educational system. It includes the physical and material offices in type of structures, school site and the condition that exemplify the school. Additionally, a school plants incorporate the site, the structure and hardware and this incorporate the perpetual structures like workshop, libraries, study halls, research facilities and semi changeless structures like the instructive framework itself. We will compose a custom article test on School Physical Plant Management or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now The school offices comprise of a wide range of structures for scholastic and non-scholarly exercises, gear for scholarly and non-scholastic exercises, regions for sports and games, scene, ranches and gardens including trees, streets and ways. Others incorporate furnishings and can offices, lighting, acoustics, storerooms and pressing parcel, security, transportation, ICT, cleaning materials, food administrations, and uncommon offices for the genuinely tested people. Portray the 2 significant elements of school plant? An Environment to Facilitate Learning The main role of the instructing and learning process is to achieve in the student alluring change in conduct through basic reasoning. This procedure doesn't occur in a vacuum but instead in a situation organized to encourage learning. Subsequently, this condition of an association as all components applicable to its activity and they incorporate immediate and backhanded activity components. School offices, establish the significant parts of both immediate and backhanded activity components in the earth of learning. Highlight Article â€Â Country School †Allen Curnow These offices assume urgent job in the completion of the instructive objectives and destinations by fulfilling the physical and passionate needs of the staff and understudies of the school. Knezevich (1975, p. 563) stressed that the physical needs are met through arrangement of safe structure, satisfactory sterile offices, a reasonable visual condition, fitting warm condition, and adequate asylum space for his work and play. His enthusiastic needs are met by making lovely encompassing, a benevolent air, and a rousing situation. The instructive framework has experienced gigantic changes as its way of thinking, widened objectives and targets, new ways to deal with administration conveyance and engineering structure, quantum jump in school enrolment, assortment of educational plans projects and extra-educational plans exercises, presentation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and extended scholastic help administrations, for example, direction administrations to understudies, educators and the network, incorporation of the school and network. 3. In what ways does instructional program impact the idea of school plant? Schools exist to educate and learning. Human and material assets are sent for this reason. School offices are the material assets accommodated staff and understudies to improve their profitability in the educating and learning process. The acknowledgment that the exchange of information doesn't just occur in the four dividers of the homeroom from the educator to the understudies yet rather that learning happens through disclosure, investigation, association with the interior and outer condition has required the inventive and imaginative advancement of instructing and learning offices that mirror these changes. Schools exist to serve financial and political requirements of the ever-evolving society, thus, they are in consistent association with their outside condition. They get contributions from the outer condition as human and material assets, forms them and void same into the general public as completed items and administrations. The nature of the items bears an immediate relationship with the nature of the offices conveyed during the time spent the creation. This requests best in class offices are given in schools to get ready school leavers for life in the worldwide town. A few investigations have indicated that a cozy relationship exists between the physical condition and the scholastic execution of understudies. Nwagwu (1978) and Ogunsaju (1980) kept up that the nature of instruction that kids get bears direct significance to the accessibility or deficiency in that department of physical offices and in general environment in which learning happens. For instance, examine discoveries have indicated that understudies learn better when a blend of techniques and materials are utilized during educating. Besides, accentuation has moved towards concentrating on understudies as against showing huge classes which surmises that all understudies in a class can learn at a similar pace. The ramifications of the prior is that in structuring school plant, arrangement ought to be made for individual and little gathering association and for huge gatherings for scholastic and social exercises. Step by step instructions to refer to School Physical Plant Management, Essay models

Historical Figure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Authentic Figure - Essay Example As an element of understanding these commitments, this short paper will look to arrange and expand on however a couple of the commitments to the field of nursing that Florence Nightingale has influenced. After her ascent to reputation and unmistakable quality during the Crimean War, Nightingale utilized her newly discovered notoriety and impact not for egotistical purposes or to improve her own life. Or maybe, she set up St Thomas’ Hospital of expert nursing in London. As an element of this, she at last laid the structure for the manner by which present day nursing training would be controlled and given inside an altogether new framework. Albeit an extraordinary arrangement has changed since the foundation of St Thomas’ Hospital, the essential precepts of the nursing calling as lain out by Nightingale have remained for the most part unaltered. Songbird was likewise somebody who was a long ways in front of her own time concerning the comprehension of the way that society and social cognizance, class, race, and sexual orientation eventually influenced the manner by which people coordinated with understandings of their own wellbeing and manners by which to better it (Stanley et al 2012). At once in which basic Victorian understandings of class, sex, and race disapproved of managing any gathering uniquely in contrast to set up standards would direct, Nightingale made a special effort to make and disperse key wellbeing data, leaflets, offer talks to the disappointed populaces that she saw inside her middle. Though the comprehension of the various manners by which the medicinal services expert ought to be aware of the exceptional and particular needs that various ages, instruction levels, classes, races, and ethnicities may require has been something that has just gone to a level of conspicuousness inside the clinical network inside the previous 30-40 years, Nightingale originated before this by almost a whole century. Accordingly, characterizing her as a ground-breaking visionary who was socially persuaded to not just oversee to the physical needs of her patients yet in addition participate in socially cognizant work that should have been done can't be downplayed. A further commitment that Nightingale has given to the field of nursing is her experience in insights and scientific investigation. Her dad, himself a dynamic man of the occasions, demanded that his little girl ought to be a balanced and completely instructed young lady. As an element of this, Florence Nightingale took a specific enthusiasm with connection to the investigation of arithmetic and insights. This interest and intrigue persisted into her craving to profit mankind. In such a manner, Nightingale was among the main individuals to effectively coordinate measurements, diagrams, bar outlines and a scope of other scientific usage into the field of nursing. While these had been utilized in medication since the hour of the early Greeks, they had not extended into nur sing; an oversight which Nightingale saw sure to address (Schiller 2011). One would have a tough time in fact envisioning a universe of current nursing in which cautious documentation and factual examination of patient advancement, condition, and pharmaceutical admissions were not recorded and broke down. All things considered, one can see that the commitments that Nightingale made in

Friday, August 21, 2020

Internship Report Preventive Business Plans

Question: Depict about the Internship Report for Preventive Business Plans. Answer: 1: Timespan 1-2 Hours 2-3 Hours 3-4 Hours 4-5 Hours 5-6 Hours 6-7 Hours Check whether adequate number of gadgets are requested Check the working ability of the Devices Check the Electrical wellbeing of the gadget Check the PPM for every gadget Guarantee that the gadget can be fixed rapidly during time of Emergency Gnatt Chart for the for the Planned Preventive Maintenance (PPM) and electrical wellbeing for Centrifuge Devices Colleagues on Task Administrators (Biomedical Engineer): The most significant activity of the administrator, who is a bio-clinical architect, is to guarantee that all the axis gadget that are brought to the International Medical Center are working in appropriate way. A bio-clinical architect should be a specialist electrical and mechanical division. Consequently, it is significant for the manager to ensure that the gadgets circuits inside the gadget can work appropriately and the gadget can do its mechanical capacity in the correct way. Toward the start, it is vital to guarantee that an adequate number of axis gadgets is available with the clinical focus so the wellbeing laborers don't confront the issue of deficiency of gadget cleaning the time emergency. With the assistance of the Planned Preventive Maintenance (PPM), it is conceivable to give legitimate support of the gadgets. The time of PPM can be a half year of even one year. All the gadgets should be breezed through the wellbeing assessment with the goal that they can work appropria tely during the period of scarcity. It is likewise imperative to guarantee the electrical degree of security of the gadgets. On the off chance that a gadget neglect to go through the security test and electrical test, it is obligation of the manager to dismiss the gadget and send it back to the wholesaler. Colleagues (Bio-clinical Engineers): It is the obligation of the colleagues to adhere to the guidelines of the directors carefully. Every colleague needs to play out the obligation that is assigned to them by the chief. It is their duty to ensure that they have the ability that is required to run the wellbeing test for every gadget. So as to run the electrical security test for the gadget, it is significant for to guarantee the resistivity of the defensive earth conveyor. It is essential to quantify the electrical security level of the between the principle fitting and earth pin. The laborers ought to have the information on when a gadget has neglected to accomplish its motivation. After the finishing of the security test, it is significant for the laborers to name the gadget with the goal that the wellbeing laborers can depend on the gadget while playing out a clinical test. Managed Staff: The obligation of the managed staffs is to guarantee that the all the materials that are required to run the security trial of the rotator gadget are available with the colleagues of the chief. The managed staffs likewise need to have the aptitude to fix the gadget in exceptionally brief period during the hour of crisis. Outer Inputs: The International Medical Center should make contract with the organization producing the bio-clinical gadget. This will assist the clinical focus with getting an ordinary gracefully of the basic clinical gadget. It is likewise significant for the clinical establishment to guarantee that they sign support contract with the organizations so they can guarantee that all the gadgets can work appropriately. The wellbeing organization additionally needs to have great association with the organization sellers. 2: Supervisors: The ventilator gadgets are the most significant necessities of the ICU of the clinic. The bio-clinical specialist needs to discuss appropriately with the chiefs so it is conceivable to utilize the ventilator gadget. The manager needs to focus on check the best possible capacity of this gadget as in ICU if the ventilator neglects to work appropriately it can cost the life of a patient. It is additionally critical to ensure about the PPM of the ventilator gadget. Circuit tester: The electrical technician needs to guarantee that the all the electrical associations are done appropriately and the all the wellbeing tests are performed before the ventilators are utilized for supporting the need of the patients. All the links that are joined to the gadget need yo be appropriately protected, so there is no danger of short out and different mishaps. 3: Supervisor: It is essential to have crisis light at the activity theater of the medical clinic. It is the obligation of the manager to ensure that the bio-clinical designer, who is in control to give crisis light during the hour of medical procedure, is sufficiently fit to supplant the customary lights with the sun oriented light. It is additionally essential to ensure that the lights don't neglect to play out the capacity during the hour of crisis. The bio-clinical architect additionally needs to maintain a strategic distance from alarm with the goal that it is conceivable to work quickly during the hour of emergency like that of in medical procedure. In the event that any postponement is caused during the hour of medical procedure, it tends to be lethal for the patient. Intra: Setting: On the principal day in my entry level position course as Bio-clinical specialist, I held gathering with the administrator of the biomedical building office. From that point forward, I was officially acquainted with each laborer of the division, and I became more acquainted with the job of every worker. Your job: My activity was to watch the assignment of each staff of the biomedical division so it is workable for me to procure the abilities fundamental for a biomedical architect. I was additionally ready to comprehend the difficulties and the approaches to manage them during the hour of emergency. Activities Taken: If I am ready to appreciate the activities required for a circumstance I will ready to act quickly and guarantee that the crisis need to the patients is satisfied Execution: With the assistance of the experience that I picked up from the laborers I will ready to apply my inventive speculation to manage any circumstance. Direction: I do have taken exhortation from the accomplished biomedical architects of the medical clinic. Improvement: I have to keep up quiet during the hour of crisis so I don't frenzy and act quickly during the hour of crisis Addition/Learn: From this temporary job course I have ready to get familiar with all the imperative abilities and information that is essential for a specialist biomedical architect

Thursday, August 6, 2020

Religion According to Sigmund Freud

Religion According to Sigmund Freud History and Biographies Print Sigmund Freuds Theories About Religion By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on January 17, 2020 Bettman / Getty Images More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Religious Influences Freud’s Jewish Heritage Freud's View of Religion Criticism of Religion Psychoanalytic View View All Back To Top Sigmund Freud is most famous for his psychoanalytic school of thought, but he also took a keen interest in religion. As an adult, Freud considered himself an atheist, but his Jewish background and upbringing and background played an important role in the development of his ideas.?? He even wrote several books focused on the topic of religion. Learn more about Freuds  complicated relationship with religion as well as some of his thoughts on religion and spirituality. Freuds Early Religious Influences Sigmund Freud was born to Jewish parents in the heavily Roman Catholic town of Freiburg, Moravia. ??Throughout his life, Freud endeavored to understand religion and spirituality and wrote several books devoted to the subject, including Totem and Taboo (1913), The Future of an Illusion (1927), Civilization and Its Discontents (1930), and Moses and Monotheism (1938). Religion, Freud believed, was an expression of underlying psychological neuroses and distress.?? At various points in his writings, he suggested that religion was an attempt to control the Oedipal complex  (as opposed to the Electra complex), a means of giving structure to social groups, wish fulfillment, an infantile delusion, and an attempt to control the outside world. Freud’s Jewish Heritage While he was very upfront about his atheism and believed that religion was something to overcome, he was aware of the powerful influence of religion on identity. He acknowledged that his Jewish heritage, as well as the antisemitism he frequently encountered, had shaped his own personality. My language is German. My culture, my attainments are German. I considered myself German intellectually until I noticed the growth of anti-Semitic prejudice in Germany and German Austria. Since that time, I prefer to call myself a Jew, he wrote in 1925.?? Religion According to Freud So how did Freud feel about religion? In some of his best-known writings, he suggested that it was an illusion, a form of neurosis, and even an attempt to gain control over the external world. Among some of Freuds most famous quotes on religion, in his book  New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis (1933), he suggested that religion is an illusion and it derives its strength from the fact that it falls in with our instinctual desires. In The Future of an Illusion, Freud wrote that religion is comparable to a childhood neurosis. Moses and Monotheism was one of his final works prior to his death. In it, he suggested that religion is an attempt to get control over the sensory world, in which we are placed, by means of the wish-world, which we have developed inside us as a result of biological and psychological necessities. [...] If one attempts to assign to religion its place in mans evolution, it seems not so much to be a lasting acquisition, as a parallel to the neurosis which the civilized individual must pass through on his way from childhood to maturity.   Freud’s Criticism of Religion While fascinated by religion and spirituality, Freud was also at times quite critical. He critiqued religion for being unwelcoming, harsh, and unloving toward those who are not members of a specific religious group.   From The Future of an Illusion (1927): Our knowledge of the historical worth of certain religious doctrines increases our respect for them, but does not invalidate our proposal that they should cease to be put forward as the reasons for the precepts of civilization. On the contrary! Those historical residues have helped us to view religious teachings, as it were, as neurotic relics, and we may now argue that the time has probably come, as it does in an analytic treatment, for replacing the effects of repression by the results of the rational operation of the intellect. Some of his most critical comments can be found in his text Civilization and Its Discontents.    The whole thing is so patently infantile, so foreign to reality, that to anyone with a friendly attitude to humanity it is painful to think that the great majority of mortals will never be able to rise above this view of life, he suggested. It is still more humiliating to discover how a large number of people living today, who cannot but see that this religion is not tenable, nevertheless try to defend it piece by piece in a series of pitiful rearguard actions. The different religions have never overlooked the part played by the sense of guilt in civilization. What is more, they come forward with a claim...to save mankind from this sense of guilt, which they call sin. Freuds Psychoanalytic Perspective on Religion Freuds psychoanalytic perspective viewed religion as the unconscious minds need for wish fulfillment. Because people need to feel secure and absolve themselves of their own guilt, Freud believed that they choose to believe in God, who represents a powerful father-figure.

Thursday, June 11, 2020

How to Write AMCAS Essays that Portray the True You

In this blog series, youll get succinct, practical tips on how you can optimize your AMCAS essay for acceptance to top medical schools. Who Should Write Your AMCAS Essay? The obvious answer here is that YOU should (and if anyone else does for you, then you can expect to be found out and rejected). But there’s a bigger question here – Which YOU  will be writing your essay? I’d like to present two important principles here: Principle #1: To Thine Own Self Be True One of the purposes of the AMCAS essay  is to provide a snapshot – a quick and accurate introduction – of yourself to the med school admissions board. If the application were to ask you to attach a photo, you wouldn’t include a picture of someone else, and I hope that you wouldn’t Photoshop or alter your photo to create an image of who you WISH you were, rather than of who you actually ARE. Your essays should serve that same purpose. The stories that you tell in your AMCAS essay should be authentic and honest so that the YOU in your essay would be recognizable to anyone who actually knows you. Principle #2: Put Your Best Foot Forward While you want to be as authentic as possible, you also want to be sure that you’re not: a) offering too much personal or private information b) dwelling on your weaknesses. Yes, you want to portray your true self (Principle #1), but you don’t want to needlessly air your dirty laundry. Nobody wants to read about your most recent breakup or how devastated you were when you woke up with a huge zit on the day of your high school prom. Furthermore, if you have difficulty juggling tasks or following directions, don’t be â€Å"too honest† and rant and complain about how you have so much trouble getting things done. Of course you should never ever EVER lie, but you also don’t need to volunteer irrelevant or inappropriate information or details that will make you look unqualified. â€Å"Who Should Write Your AMCAS Essays?† is taken  from the Accepted guide,  Ace the AMCAS Essay.  To download the complete  guide, click here. Learn more about writing a strong, memorable medical school application when you  join us live for our upcoming  Create a Winning AMCAS Application  webinar on Tuesday, April 10, 2018. For individualized assistance, check out Accepteds  AMCAS Application Advising and Editing Packages   get matched with an expert med school advisor who will help you highlight your competitive advantage and get ACCEPTED! By Linda Abraham, president and founder of Accepted. Linda earned her bachelors and MBA at UCLA, and has been advising applicants since 1994 when she founded Accepted. Linda is the co-founder and first president of AIGAC. She has written or co-authored 13 e-books on the admissions process, and has been quoted by The  Wall Street Journal, U.S. News, Poets Quants, Bloomberg Businessweek, CBS News, and others. Linda is the host of Admissions Straight Talk, a podcast for graduate school applicants.  Want an admissions expert help you get accepted? Click here to get in touch! Related Resources: †¢Ã‚  From Example to Exemplary, a free guide †¢Ã‚  How Personal is Too Personal? †¢Ã‚  5 Pointers for a Stand-Out Med School Personal Statement

Saturday, May 23, 2020

Love With The Addiction Cycle - 853 Words

Have you ever experienced love? Do you remember the way that it made you feel inside? Some of us could answer swiftly with a yes and recall that person with feelings of warmth overtaking our body. This is exactly how an addict feels about their substance or behavior of choice. It is their best friend, their confidant, their lover. They are in a relationship with their addiction. Now, have you ever experienced a loss from love? When an individual begins the process of recovery they experience grief relating to the loss from the broken relationship with their addiction. This also includes the loss of the culture and the human relationships surrounding the addiction cycle, but with the help of a licensed professional they may begin the process of letting go of the relationship with their addiction. How is this possible though, to be in love with an addiction? How can an individual be in love with an inanimate object? According to The Brain in Love (2012) by Sultan Tarlaci, in neuroscience, love is much stronger than a basic emotion or state of mind. Emotionally, it means thinking obsessively and repeatedly about the beloved. This takes up around 85% of waking time. The person’s own priorities change and there is a continual, compulsive desire for closeness. Anxiety and fear are reduced, and risk-taking is made easier. A feeling of ecstatic, euphoric happiness takes over the person, and he or she is ready to die for the beloved. (Sultan, 2012, p. 746). This however, is noShow MoreRelatedFace Down On The Carpet1224 Words   |  5 Pagesfor this heroin addict. Addiction has been around since the beginning of time, but what does addiction really mean? People toss around â€Å"addiction† and â€Å"addicted† to define several compulsive behaviors. Specialists-- such as psychologists and sociologists-- continue revealing new and different forms of addiction constantly. Addiction is the negative, compulsive need for a substance, or activity that gives the addict a positive feeling despite adverse consequences (Addiction). In addition, the wordRead MoreBehavioral Addictions And Substance Abuse Addictions994 Words   |  4 Pageswith other behavioral addictions were in the Impulse Control Disorders category of the DSM-III and DSM-IV (Clark, 2014). Behavioral Addictions are said to be around for hundreds of years. For example, gambling was part of daily life in ancient Greece. (Hekster, 2002). In the first edition of American Psychiatric Association in 1812, there was detailed mention of excessive sexual desire (Rush, 1812). Yet, behavioral addictions has only recently been considered as an addiction in the recent years.R ead MoreObsessive Love Disorder ( Obsessive )1039 Words   |  5 Pages One cause that leads to love addiction is obsession; obsession is the domination of one s thoughts or feelings by a persistent idea, image or desire. In love this is called obsessive love disorder. Obsessive love disorder is an extreme form of love that transcends into an obsession over time. It is characterized by an unhealthy attachment towards someone and can be triggered off by many factors such as anxiety, insecurity, and vulnerability. Is the insatiable fixation to possess theRead MoreSex and Media around the World813 Words   |  3 Pages Maintaining the biblical standards of sexuality, the love shared between a husband and a wife, is becoming a dying institution of lust versus love. Sex and human sexuality are gifts from God, but these gifts have been shamefully misused and misconstrued. The images of sex that the media bombards people with, as well as the pornography industry, is only helping in fueling this monster of addiction. Just like alcoholics or substance addictions, sex addicts become powerless against the repetitive thoughtsRead MoreAlcoholism : A Silent Killer1624 Words   |  7 Pagesdependence on or addiction to the substance, impairment of the ability to work and socialize, destructive behaviors (as drunken driving), tissue damage (as cirrhosis of the liver), and severe withdrawal symptoms upon detoxification† (Webster). Alcoholism Recreates Family Roles According to an article on Addiction Recovery website; families that have an addict within their family tend to be co-dependent on each other. They assume roles that they would not normally assume. Addiction Recovery websiteRead MoreMary Tyrones Actual Happy Ending766 Words   |  3 Pageslife helped to create the phenomenal writer he was because of his personal experiences. In Eugene ONeills play, Long Days Journey into Night, the characterization of Mary Tyrone demonstrates a sense of loss through her loneliness, addiction and unconditional love for her family. The sense of loss in the Tyrone household is supported by the constant reminder of Mary’s loneliness and isolation. During her drug induced hallucinations, Mary returns to a life that she was happier in; when she wasRead MoreFresno - A City Addicted to Meth1456 Words   |  6 PagesMeth, by Louis Theroux addresses the epidemic of crystal methamphetamine addiction that is overwhelming the streets of this low socioeconomic city in California. The diversity Theroux finds in each of his encounters is both fascinating and startling: from a mother who wants nothing more than to get her children back, but can t seem to break the cycle of using to escape her past mistakes, to siblings that are so deep into addiction their sense of boundary deteriorates to form a twisted sexual relationshipRead MoreAnalysis Of Methamphetamine : A Love Story1125 Words   |  5 PagesMethamphetamine: A Love Story Most criminological research focuses on communities, where some assume and think that small towns are quite safe and crime-free environments. Meanwhile, using methamphetamine has become surrounded in rural parts of the country. In her book Methamphetamine: A Love Story, Rashi K. Shukla focused and enlightened on the understudied of poverty and drug abuse. Through her journey, she proves emotionally how meth has become the spotlight to the lives of some residents. InRead MoreThe Pastoral Clinic Book By Angela Garcia Takes Place On1511 Words   |  7 PagesThe Pastoral Clinic book by Angela Garcia takes place on a penetrating journey into an iconic Western landscape northern New Mexico’s Espaà ±ola Valley, home to the highest rate of heroin addiction and fatal overdoses in the United States. In a luminous narrative, Angela Garcia chronicles the lives of several Hispano addicts, introducing the intimate, physical, and institutional dependencies in which they are entangled. The book discovers how history pervades this region that has endured centuriesRead MoreThemes in Wuthering Heights 696 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Addiction occurs in people who have little to anchor them to life. Lacking an underlying direction, finding few things that can entertain or motivate them, they have nothing to compete with the effects of an addiction, for possession of their lives†(Goodlett 1). The events of this depressing love story, Wuthering Heights written by Emily Brontà «, take place in the gloomy moors of Yorkshire, England, where Heathcliff, Catherine, Hindley, and Cathy experience a life of love, addiction, revenge, and

Sunday, May 17, 2020

Drugs A Dominant Dilemma - 2393 Words

For numerous generations now, drugs have been a dominant dilemma in our society. The fact that not only drug issues increased rapidly but drug related problems are on the rise. Using drugs increases the risk of injury. Car crashes, falls, burns, drowning, and suicide are all linked to drug use These substances affect the body in many ways, including the exchange of information within the brain, is slowed. The usage of drugs ruins the users looks, makes them depressed, and contributes to slipping grades. Although it is illegal for someone to purchase, possess, or consume alcohol under the age of 19, many teenagers do. In addition to breaking the law, these teenagers put themselves into vulnerable situations, that can change their lives†¦show more content†¦Most people that use these illegal substances go on to doing more serious crimes such as rape, murder, and suicide. Drugs and alcohol have damaging effects on the mind, body, and personality, it is advisable to stay away fr om them. Most of teens are getting help from family members to get drugs, which is a huge part of the problem. As stated in the article Drugs Even Affect Kids, 65% of drug addicts get access to the drink via there closes family and friends. This is causing teens to think that it is okay to do drugs, and this is also showing lack of parental support. If teens see that other people are doing something, or people they look up to such as parents doing something then they are going to think it is okay. Being in high school, you are opened up to some of the teens and parents that are doing this for their children, so you see it going on. A major cause of doing drugs is because of all the stress teens are dealing with. They are doing drugs in this case so they can create a way to escape from their problems. Red Ribbon week explains, quite a few have similar feelings that that the go through, for instance, depression or stress that can be caused by problems at school or with family friends. This has a tremendous impact on their decisions with drugs and alcohol.† Nowadays teens are exposed to a lot more school work and job related things that they feel they have no time to get any of it done, so it builds up a large amount of

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

Alexander Hamilton and the National Economy

Alexander Hamilton made a name for himself during the American Revolution, eventually rising to be the untitled Chief of Staff for George Washington during the war. He served as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention from New York and was one of the authors of the Federalist Papers with John Jay and James Madison. Upon taking office as president, Washington decided to make Hamilton the first Secretary of the Treasury in 1789. His efforts in this position were hugely important for the fiscal success of the new nation. Following is a look at the major policies that he helped implement before resigning from the position in 1795. Increasing Public Credit After things had settled from the American Revolution and the intervening years under the Articles of Confederation, the new nation was in debt for more than $50 million. Hamilton believed that it was key for the US to establish legitimacy by paying back this debt as soon as possible. In addition, he was able to get the federal government to agree to the assumption of all the states debts, many of which were also sizable. These actions were able to accomplish many things including a stabilized economy and a willingness of foreign countries to invest capital in the US including the purchase of government bonds while increasing the power of the federal government in relation to the states. Paying for the Assumption of Debts The federal government established bonds at Hamiltons behest. However, this was not enough to pay off the huge debts that had accrued during the Revolutionary War, so Hamilton asked Congress to levy an excise tax on liquor. Western and southern congressmen opposed this tax because it affected the livelihood of farmers in their states. Northern and southern interests in Congress compromised agreeing to make the southern city of Washington, D.C. into the nations capital in exchange for levying the excise tax. It is noteworthy that even at this early date in the nations history there was much economic friction between northern and southern states. Creation of the US Mint and National Bank Under the Articles of Confederation, each state had their own mint. However, with the US Constitution, it was obvious that the country needed to have a federal form of money. The US Mint was established with the Coinage Act of 1792 which also regulated the coinage of the United States. Hamilton realized the necessity of having a safe place for the government to store their funds while increasing the ties between the wealthy citizens and the US Government. Therefore, he argued for the creation of the Bank of the United States. However, the US Constitution did not specifically provide for the creation of such an institution. Some argued that it was beyond the scope of what the federal government could do. Hamilton, however, argued that the Elastic Clause of the Constitution gave the Congress the latitude to create such a bank because in his argument it was, in fact, necessary and proper for the creation of a stable federal government. Thomas Jefferson argued against its creation as being unconstitutional despite the Elastic Clause. However, President Washington agreed with Hamilton and the bank was created. Alexander Hamiltons Views on the Federal Government As can be seen, Hamilton viewed it as supremely important that the federal government establish supremacy, especially in the area of the economy. He hoped that the government would encourage the growth of industry in a move away from agriculture so that the nation could be an industrial economy equal to those of Europe. He argued for items such as tariffs on foreign goods along with money to help individuals found new businesses so as to grow the native economy. In the end, his vision came to fruition as America became a key player in the world over the course of time.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Stem Cell Research Debate - 1119 Words

Stem Cell Research Debate There are only a small number of issues that are controversial as far as the public, the government and scientists are concerned. The father of all issues, however, is the debate that revolves around the ethics of stem cell research. Stem cells can be defined as those cells in an embryo that essentially give rise to the entire organism (Capra, 1999). In the contemporary world of today, the issue of embryonic stem cell research is one of this controversial significant topic regarding which there is neither fair/moral agreement nor understandable, wide-ranging laws. As far as the ethical debate is concerned, it focuses on the verifiable piece of information that stem cell research consists of destroying the very early embryos of the human beings. The federal government has restricted the financial support for stem cell research to research that makes use of the stem cells obtained from a small amount of stem cell lines (Shapiro, 2006). There are a number of advantages associated with the stem cell research. As these stern cells obtained from embryos possess the capability to renew them and can set apart into a broad cell type range, the research on these stem cells can have potential comprehensive and influential applications. One of the great examples of this is the fact that embryonic stem cell research can have significant benefits for those who suffer from Type I diabetes. Moreover, embryonic stem cell research put forwards remarkableShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Of Stem Cell Research1660 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Stem Cell Debate In 1998, President Bill Clinton issued a National Bioethics Advisory Commission to begin to study the question of stem cell research (Stem Cells Fast Facts). Since then many advances have been made and stem cells have been used to aid in the alleviation of several medical conditions such as macular degeneration, bone marrow deficiencies, and growing new sheets of new skin for burn victims (Hug). Even though there is much stigma surrounding stem cell research, the medicalRead MoreThe Misleading Debate On Stem Cell Research853 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The misleading debate on stem cell research† written by Mona Charen is a cautionary tale of the escalating manner in which life will be dehumanized should society begin to support this research with federal funding. Stem cell research crosses a moral line that society should be reluctant to cross even for the best intentions (Charen). Stem cell research has been picketed by pro-lifers since the first whispers of its use. The results of stem cell research are rarely attacked since we really don’tRead MoreThe Debate Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1711 Words   |  7 PagesEmbryonic stem cell research is a hot topic of debate in our modern age, as scientific development continues to push the boundaries of ethics. The debates lies in whether or not it is helping or hindering society, as the procedure involves the manipulation of a human embryo. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from a week old human embryo (blastocyst), often developed from unused in vitro fertilised eggs. They are pluripotent, meaning they are capable of undergoing directed differentiation andRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research936 Words   |  4 PagesStem cell research is full of controversy with a million different opinions on each side of the argument. In this essay, the â€Å"pro† side will be viewed and discussed. The background, the pros, the experiments and other information will be deliberated. Hopefully by the end of the composition, one will understand the benefits of stem cell research. In the early 1900s, Alexander A. Maximow was the first to actually use the term â€Å"stem cell† when he discovered the cell. He was a Russian-American physicianRead MoreThe Debate Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1460 Words   |  6 Pages I believe that embryonic stem cell research should be allowed in the United States. From previous encounters with the topic I have learned that the many benefits that can come from stem cell research are without a doubt astounding and unimaginable. There are simply endless possibilities that can arise if the research was allowed to be conducted. From giving back vision to rebuilding tissue, any advance in stem cell research would be beneficial to the medical world. With the help that the advancesRead MoreThe Debate Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research931 Words   |  4 Pages Embryonic stem cell research is the study of stem cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of a human embryo. For many years now, the ethics of embryonic s tem cell research has been argued. A recent advance in this line of research is the ability to clone the embryonic stem cells, which allows for researchers to create a completely compatible embryonic stem cell to the individual’s tissue type. Though this new science may be very beneficial, not everyone can agree on the ethics ofRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research1027 Words   |  5 PagesStem cell research is the study of basic cells that are grown in laboratories where tests are made to determine the essential properties of the cells. Over the past few decades, stem cell research has become a popular scientific debate and controversy. Stem cell research is still considered to be relatively new technology that is responsible for taking human cells and developing them into 220 different cells in the human body. Stem cell research has the potential to help disease research and managementRead MoreThe Debate Of Stem Cell Research1519 Words   |  7 Pagesbring the top ic of stem cell research to the table to inform you on a topic you most likely know nothing about. According to the bible the strong need to bear with the failings of the weak. Why should we please ourselves if we don’t care for stem cell research? Among one of the, if not the most, controversial topics of our time comes one medical science that can save lives if legalized nationwide. We are talking about stem cells of course, and why the allowance of these basic cells in common medicalRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research1196 Words   |  5 Pagescontroversy over the topic of stem cell research. It seems to be that the main controversy when it comes to the topic of stem cell research is an ethical debate, and because of this it seems that the side opposing stem cell research always wins due to their use of pathos when it comes to their argument. I personally do not side with those against the idea of stem cell research because I believe that the pros outweigh the cons when you break it down this way. Stem cell research could be the gateway to findingRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research2188 Words   |  9 PagesStem Cell Research is the future of scientific research, but it needs to be clarified more with the masses. Many think that Stem Cell Research is unethical and immoral. People also believe that Stem Cell Research is only done on embryos. Stem Cell Research could bring forth a world with fewer worries of disease and disablement. Moral and Ethical Opinions There are many thoughts that Stem Cell Research on embryos meant for treating infertility should not be funded by the United States government because

Space Shuttle Columbia Free Essays

string(96) " and to recommend ways to improve the safety programs and communication procedures within NASA\." On February 1, 2003, the Space Shuttle Columbia broke apart during re-entry resulting in the loss of the seven crewmembers and the shuttle. For the next several months an extensive investigation of the accident was performed by the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB). The board published their final report in August, 2003 and concluded that the cause of the loss of Columbia and its crew was a breach in the left wing leading edge Reinforced Carbon-Carbon Thermal Protection System initiated by the impact of thermal insulating foam that had separated from the orbiters external fuel tank 81 seconds into the missions launch. We will write a custom essay sample on Space Shuttle Columbia or any similar topic only for you Order Now During re-entry, this breach allowed hot gas to enter the wing’s leading edge and support structure which ultimately led to the breakup of the orbiter. The CAIB also discovered multiple flaws within the shuttle safety program, the hazard analysis techniques, communication and leadership between management and engineering, and an obstructive organizational culture. NASA responded to the Columbia accident by grounding all space shuttle missions for a total of 905 days while they complied with all the recommendations made by the CAIB as well as restructuring their system safety and communication procedures. Space Shuttle Columbia The Columbia STS-107 mission lifted off on January 16, 2003, for a 16-day science mission featuring numerous microgravity experiments. Upon reentering the atmosphere on February 1, 2003, the Columbia orbiter suffered a catastrophic failure due to a breach that occurred 81 seconds into the launch when falling thermal insulating foam from the left bipod area of the External Tank struck the Reinforced Carbon-Carbon (RCC) panels on the underside of the left wing. The orbiter and its seven crewmembers were lost approximately 16 minutes before Columbia was scheduled to touch down at Kennedy Space Center. Within this paper I will discuss the history, mission, and anatomy of Space Shuttle Columbia, the incident and the breakdown in communication and safety practices, as well as information found during the formal investigation by the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB). History of Space Shuttle Columbia The Space Shuttle Columbia was built in the years leading up to 1981 when it was the first space shuttle to fly into earth orbit on April 12th. There were four sister ships in the fleet over the next ten years: the Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and the Enterprise. The Endeavour was built to replace the Challenger that was destroyed in 1986. Columbia was the first on-line orbiter to undergo the scheduled inspection and retrofit program. It was transported August 10, 1991, after its completion of mission STS-40, to prime space shuttle contractor Rockwell International’s Palmdale, California assembly plant. The oldest orbiter in the fleet underwent approximately 50 modifications, including the addition of carbon brakes, drag chute, improved nose wheel steering, removal of development flight instrumentation and an enhancement of its thermal protection system. The orbiter returned to Kennedy Space Center February 9, 1992 to begin processing for mission STS-50 in June of that year. Primary Mission The primary objectives of this mission was to research in physical, life, and space sciences, conducted in approximately 80 separate experiments, comprised of hundreds of samples and test points. The crew was divided into two alternating shifts to achieve the most productive use of time for each 24 hour period. The crew’s payload consisted of the following: first flight of SPACEHAB Research Double Module; Fast Reaction Experiments Enabling Science, Technology, Applications and Research (FREESTAR); First Extended Duration Orbiter (EDO) mission since STS-90 (Wilson, 2006). The expected duration of the STS-107 mission was 16 long days. Anatomy of the Space Shuttle The space shuttle is made up of over two million moving parts and 150 miles of internal wiring, making it the most complex machine ever created. Empty the space shuttle weighs in at 158,289 lbs and with the main engines installed it tips the scales at over 178,000 lbs. Once all the fuel and cargo are added, the space shuttle weighs an astounding 4. 5 million lbs. There are three main parts to every space shuttle, the orbiter, solid rocket boosters, and the external fuel tank. The solid rocket boosters and the external fuel tank are ejected from the orbiter while the space shuttle is leaving the atmosphere. The orbiter has enough crew space for eight crew members and a cargo capacity of 50,000 lbs. The Incident On January 16, 2003 the Space Shuttle Columbia was launched from Cape Canaveral, FL. 81 seconds into the launch a small piece of thermal insulating foam, the size of a small briefcase, impacted the leading edge of the left wing, damaging the Shuttle’s Thermal Protection System (TPS), which protects it from heat generated from the atmosphere during re-entry. The foam had a total weight of 1. 67 lbs which is equal to the weight of 100 marshmallows and originated from the left bipod area of the External Tank. At the time of the impact the Columbia was traveling at 2300 fps through an altitude of 65,900 feet. The impact velocity of the foam was 775 fps. While Columbia was still in orbit, some engineers suspected damage as early as day two of the mission, but NASA managers limited the investigation, on the grounds that little could be done even if problems were found and therefore, never informed the crew of any possible damage. The damage to the left wing’s Reinforced Carbon-Carbon (RCC) panel provided a pathway for hot gas to enter the wing’s leading edge and support structure upon the attempted re-entry. This resulted in major structural and skin damage causing the loss of control and all vehicle data at 207, 135 ft above the Earth while traveling at 12,500 mph. The Columbia Space Shuttle broke up over north-central Texas just 16 minutes prior to its scheduled landing at Florida’s Kennedy Space Center. The Investigation Soon after the space shuttle disaster NASA created the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) with the objective to determine the cause of the Columbia accident and to recommend ways to improve the safety programs and communication procedures within NASA. You read "Space Shuttle Columbia" in category "Papers" The Board published a working scenario along with several preliminary recommendations in advance of the final report which was published on August 26, 2003. Preliminary Recommendations The first of five recommendations the CAIB made was for NASA to develop an inspection plan for the examination of the Reinforced Carbon-Carbon (RCC) system components since the current inspection techniques were not adequate in assessing the structural integrity, its supporting structure, and the attached hardware. The RCC system is used on the leading edges of the wings, the area aft of the nose cap, and the area around the forward orbiter/external tank attachment structure due to the fact that these are the parts of the orbiter that are subjected to the greatest amount of heat during re-entry. At the time the CAIB conducted their investigation, they discovered and published that NASA did not fully understand the mechanisms that have caused foam loss on almost every space shuttle flight to date. They also found that the original and present day operating design specifications required the RCC components to have essentially no impact resistance. In order to mitigate future risk to the space shuttles and crew, the CAIB believed that NASA should look into the advanced non-destructive inspection technology and take advantage of it. The second recommendation made to NASA stated that they should amend their existing Memorandum of Agreement with the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) to make it a standard requirement for every space shuttle flight to have on-orbit imaging available. The foam strike was first seen during the standard review of the launch video and high-speed photography, by the Intercenter Photo Working Group (IPWG) on the morning of Flight Day Two. The IPWG was concerned about possible damage to the Orbiter since this foam strike was larger than any seen in the past. No conclusive images of the foam strike could be found so the Chair of the IPWG asked management to begin the process of getting outside imagery from the Department of Defense (DOD) to help in damage assessment. This request, the first of three, along with the IPWG’s first report, including a digitized video clip and initial assessment of the strike, was distributed on Flight Day Two and began its journey through the management hierarchy. Even though the IPWG routed its request through the proper channels used during a mission, the management hierarchy yielded no direction, progress, or results. Therefore, the IPWG then routed its second and third requests for external DOD imagery through institutional, not mission-related, channels which diluted the urgency of the requests and the management viewed the requests as non-critical desires rather than critical operational needs. Communication did not flow effectively up to or down from the management hierarchy which lead to the three independent requests for imagery being subsequently denied. It was determined by the CAIB that the United States government along with NASA did not utilize every imaging resource it had in order to assess the damage of the Columbia while still in orbit. Recommendation three examined the repair capability of the space shuttle. The CAIB suggested that for all future missions to the International Space Station (ISS), NASA develop a method to inspect and conduct emergency repairs to the Thermal Protection System (TPS) tiles and RCC while docked at the ISS and recommended that a â€Å"comprehensive autonomous [†¦] inspection and repair capability† be developed for Shuttle missions that do not dock at the ISS. The end goal is to develop a â€Å"fully autonomous capability for all missions†, in the event â€Å"that an ISS mission does not achieve the necessary orbit, fails to dock successfully, or suffers damage during or after docking† (Troxell, 2009). The last two recommendations addressed the space shuttles imaging systems. The fourth recommendation recommended upgrading the imaging system to provide at least three useful views of the space shuttles from liftoff to at least Solid Rocket Booster separation, and further recommended exploring the possibility of taking additional pictures and observations of the space shuttle during launch using ships and aircraft. Recommendation five pertained specifically to the External Tank (ET) and the Thermal Protection System (TPS) imaging systems examination. The CAIB recommended modifying one of the two on-board umbilical cameras in order to â€Å"downlink high-resolution images of the ET after separation,† and further recommended that a similar system be put into place to â€Å"downlink high-resolution images of the underside of the orbiter’s leading edge system and the forward section of the TPS† (Troxell, 2009). Organizational Culture Communications procedures between managers and engineers at NASA were also investigated by the CAIB. The need to communicate effectively and efficiently between the individuals and organizations involved in the space shuttle program were found to be paramount, given the complex and high level of technology along with the extensive risks involved. The CAIB found that the original damage assessments contained substantial uncertainties for a variety of reasons, including management failures, communication breakdowns, inappropriate use of assessment tools, and flawed engineering judgments. The CAIB also determined that there were lapses in leadership and communication that made it very difficult for engineers and management to raise concerns and understand decisions. Management failed to actively engage and analyze the potential damage caused by the foam strike. Before the accident, flight managers had been under extreme pressure from Congress and the public to maintain launch schedules, and they had not followed established procedures for clearing unresolved problems. Based on these and other observations, the CAIB concluded that NASA was not a learning organization. Organizational learning is not one but several processes by which organizations seek to improve their performance by searching out the causes behind what they judge to be unacceptable results (Mahler Casamayou, 2009). The CAIB concluded that the organizational causes to the accident included deficiencies in the command structure and safety monitoring systems, an inability to cope with strong external political and budgetary pressures, and an obstructive organizational culture. System Safety The CAIB found that NASA’s safety program was inadequate of achieving the level of safety necessary for the space shuttle program. As a result, the CAIB recommended that the safety system at NASA be restructured to include the system safety fundamentals. System safety is the name given to the effort to make things as safe as is practical by systematically using engineering and management tools to identify, analyze, and control hazards (Stephans, 2004) throughout all phases of the life cycle. At the time of the investigation, NASA’s definition of system safety was as follows: The optimum degree of risk management within the constraints of operational effectiveness, time, and cost attained through the application of management and engineering principles throughout all phases of a program. It was a great definition but NASA did not follow or operate under these fundamentals which were proven by the CAIB time and time again. They found that the system safety engineering and management was not vigorous enough to have an impact on system design, and it was hidden in the other safety disciplines and separated from mainstream engineering which proved extremely ineffective in regards to safety. They also found that the space shuttle safety program had conflicting roles, responsibilities, and guidance. Hazard Analysis The hazard analysis techniques used by NASA at the time of the accident were the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FEMA) and the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA). The CAIB found that the risk information and data from the hazard analyses were not communicated effectively nor could they find adequate application of a process, database, or metric analysis tool that took an integrated, systemic view of the entire space shuttle system. Post Columbia Procedures at NASA Once the investigation into Space Shuttle Columbia’s accident was finished, NASA shut down all space shuttle missions until they felt their system safety and communication procedures where brought up to par. This space shuttle grounding lasted 905 days and finally ended on July 26th, 2005 when the Space Shuttle Discovery successfully flew the STS-114 mission. System Safety NASA took the recommendation of the CAIB and restructured their system safety program. The purpose of the new system safety program within NASA is to ensure that the optimum degree of safety is achieved through management and engineering practices that minimize the number and magnitude of hazards in NASA systems. This is coupled with the application of system safety engineering analyses to detect and assess the nature and magnitude of risks so that they may be eliminated, reduced, or accepted depending on project requirements, schedule, and cost. This purpose is reached through the application of management, scientific, and engineering principles during all phases of a system life cycle. The ultimate goal is to avoid loss of life or injury to personnel, damage to or loss of equipment or facilities, project or test failures, and undue exposure to risk and adverse environmental effects. To date NASA has flown 19 separate space shuttle missions with no incidents under their new system safety program. NASA’s space shuttle fleet is set to retire after just two final missions. Space Shuttle Discovery is expected to launch on November 1st, 2010 and Space Shuttle Endeavour will launch no earlier than February 26th, 2011. Post Columbia Improvements NASA spent $1. 4 billion in an effort to improve the space shuttle after the Columbia incident. The most notable area of improvement was the External Tank. The bipod foam that caused the Columbia disaster was replaced with an electrical heater to prevent ice from forming. Another notable area of improvement was too the Foreign Object Debris (FOD) procedures which improved safety. They also added over 100 tracking cameras to view launches as well as cameras mounted on the External Tank and Solid Rocket Boosters. NASA also has two aircraft equipped with high-definition cameras which offer the unique perspective of a shuttle flying toward the viewer (Chien, 2006). All of NASA’s improvements seem to have worked so far. In the years following Space Shuttle Columbia’s accident, NASA reinvented their company from the ground up and is now used as a model company that others look to for advice and operational information. Conclusion The Space Shuttle Columbia accident may or may not have been preventable. There are numerous things that could have gone differently that might have given the crew a different fate, however, the accident happened in the least bad manner possible. The astronauts were able to enjoy themselves the entire mission, complete essential mission experiments, and reach a goal many of them had worked toward their entire lives. They had no knowledge that the shuttle was damaged and their deaths were mercifully swift. Columbia’s re-entry path over the U. S. made debris recovery far easier than if it had fallen over the ocean. Because so much debris and information was recovered it was possible to determine exactly what happened without any shadow of a doubt. It will certainly always be regrettable that the accident happened, but the fate of the Columbia crew could have been far worse. They will always been remembered as heroes. How to cite Space Shuttle Columbia, Papers

Project Sustainability free essay sample

Executive summary This module is not a detailed study of all aspects of sustainability. The goal of this module is a general introduction into sustainability with a focus on the impact and the effect on projects  © University of Southern Queensland 2 MGT8021 – Project sustainability management throughout their life span. With this knowledge it should be possible for you to identify, understand and address the key issues related to definition and delivery of projects that adhere to current concepts of sustainability, and how to plan for the sustainment of those projects throughout their life span. The concept of sustainability is explored in terms of consumption of resources – this can apply to inputs that are required to the project ‘system’ in order to deliver the project outcomes, the processes by which the project is managed, and the nature of the outputs and their need for resources throughout their useful life span. A range of project sectors is considered in order to understand the different implications for each sector. Also, it must be remembered that sustainability works inside of a closed loop system. In all of your deliberations about sustainability and project management you must remember the need to maintain a systems approach. 1. 1 Sustainability issues in a project environment Sustainability is a term that evokes emotion in people about certain events or practices that affect our long term survival of ourselves and all other aspects of our planet. We need to be able to work through this emotion and focus on what is important in an objective and reflective way. By their very nature projects use and affect many resources throughout the life of the project. Some of these resources are consumed or adversely affected by the project. For example, if there was a project to build a new major airport, there would be many issues to consider, and the issue is can their resolution be sustained for the life of the airport? So, the question we need to ask when addressing the project is ‘Can this project be sustained and for how long? ’ The resources required to sustain the project may be physical (natural resources) or they might simply be people (human resources). They could also include local resources as well as imported resources. As a result there are many dimensions of sustainability to consider in a project environment. In 1983 the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) convened under Gro Harlem Brundtland a commission to address the growing concern about the accelerating deterioration of the human environment and natural resources and the consequences of that deterioration for economic and social development. This became known as the Brundtland Commission. The Brundtland Commission defined sustainable development in its 1987 Report titled Our Common Future as: Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (World Commission on Environment and Development 1987) A full copy of the report is available at http://www. un-documents. net/wced-ocf. htm There are other definitions but this one is often used as the baseline definition. The question that needs to be proactively addressed as we look at the resources required to construct and sustain a project, ‘will it be possible to sustain current and future resources? ’ There are two aspects of sustainability to a project. In the design and construction phases of the project, resources of all kinds are consumed. Similarly, during its operational life there is a need to  © University of Southern Queensland MGT8021 – Project sustainability management 3 provide resources so that the project can continue to operate profitably and efficiently throughout its life. This through life provision of resources is also known as the sustainment phase. This term is used by Defence, but it is also being used in the wider commercial areas. Blanchard (p. 350) provides a short description about sustaining system maintenance and support functions. But, to sustain these functions requires a capability to provide the range and depth of services for the expected life of the project, including extensions. We often think of project life in terms of years, but, more than likely, it will be decades or in the case of dams, centuries. So, it is important in terms of the project to understand the life of the project as well as the sustaining events for it. When dealing with terms that can have meanings depending upon the context of the situation as well as the potential for emotion, it is important to have a sound base on which to use the word, and to be able to defend its usage. A search of the Oxford English Dictionary shows that sustainability first appeared in the mid-1960s in a form that is consistent with contemporary usage. Its usage in the context of sustainable development is first referenced in 1972. So, it is a relatively new word. The On-Line Oxford English Dictionary defines sustainable development as follows: sustainable development n. (a) Econ. economic development which can be sustained in the long term; (b) Ecol. utilization and development of natural resources in ways which are compatible with the maintenance of these resources, and with the conservation of the environment, for future generations. When developing a project it is necessary to be able to determine the current and future needs of the project and the ability of the providers of the future to meet those needs. To carry out the sustainment work of maintenance will require facilities and workshops of different sources. Although these are technical designs, they are controlled by other factors such as planning laws. Therefore, to start developing a definition for sustainability we need to start by considering the wider meaning of sustainable development. Reading activity 1. 1 Selected reading 1. is the Sustainable Development Guidelines for the Brisbane City Council which is a large local government body in Queensland Australia (Brisbane City Council 2005). This reading will provide more indepth detail about sustainable development as required by a local government authority. On completion of this reading, carry out research to find out what your local government authority requires in terms of sustainable development. Compare the two approaches. Selected reading 1. 2 is a paper based on the work done by the Western Australia government on sustainability (Hartz-Karp Newman 2006). Governments at all levels have an interest in sustainable development, and this paper describes the issues in setting up a sustainability program from first principles. After completing these readings, reflect on the wider issues of sustainability and the sustaining outcomes described by Blanchard. Can you identify the links between the different needs?  © University of Southern Queensland 4 MGT8021 – Project sustainability management 1. 2 Reporting sustainability Given the diverse industries involved in projects, it would be difficult to have comparative and transparent reporting without some form of consistent process. This is achieved though the Global Reporting Initiativeâ„ ¢ (GRI) (Global Reporting Initiative 2008). The GRI is the world de facto standard on sustainability reporting. This is achieved though a set of guidelines, currently known as the G3. The purpose of these guidelines is for organizations to report their social, economic and environmental performance as routinely and with the same discipline as the financial reports. Many organizations routinely report on their sustainability credentials using the GRI G3 guidelines as the reporting standard. Reading activity 1. 2 Log onto www. globalreporting. org and familiarize yourself with the general content of the site. Read the G3 Guidelines to appreciate the range and depth of issues addressed in sustainability reporting. As can be seen from the G3 Guidelines, reporting imposes a significant workload on an organization. Also, as this is an important communication document for the organization, some industries can expect to have their sustainability report critically evaluated by groups within the community. Reading activity 1. 3 Log onto websites for large organizations such as those suggested below and do internal searches for sustainability. Read these approaches and reports and see the extent to which this work is done. Now, if you were on a project within an organization such as this, with these reporting requirements, how would you approach this work? ? BHP Billiton at www. bhpbilliton. com ? Rio Tinto at www. riotinto. com ? Hydro Tasmania at www. hydro. com. au 1. 3 Sustainability impacts on management of projects Projects do not occur in a vacuum. They occur in a business environment that is closely monitored by many people. Many of these people have no direct involvement on the project, but they are interested in it because of the way it could affect their lifestyle or the natural environment in some way. Traditionally, we talk about the shareholders of a project. Increasingly, business is being forced to consider Triple Bottom line (TBL) reporting. In this paradigm, shareholders are replaced by stakeholders. From a project management approach it is now necessary to make sure that a broader range of stakeholders than just shareholders is clearly identified. It is now  © University of Southern Queensland MGT8021 – Project sustainability management 5 necessary to address the needs of stakeholders other than just shareholders, and these could be competing interests. Reading activity 1. 4 Read selected reading 1. 3 on sustainability in business (Dorf 2001). Consider the added requirements that emerging sustainability issues are placing on business. How do these issues get included in the overall budget for a project? As a project has a future life, it is not good enough to reinvent the past. It is necessary that you be able to consider future issues. These may be unclear early in the life of a project; but, you need to attempt to develop some idea of what sustainability issues will impact the future of the project. For example, a project might be a suburban rail system with an expected life of 40 years. How do you plan for appropriately trained people to maintain the system over the 40 years? One of the most critical aspects of through life project sustainability is obsolescence. The obsolescence could be in the form of parts, tools, facilities, or skills. At a higher level, obsolescence could be due to the technology or societal factors. An example is the demise of society’s acceptance of coal-fired power stations over the last few years. Obsolescence management is an important aspect of project management sustainability and requires good skills in understanding technology from all aspects. You need to be able to anticipate the changes that are likely to happen. This anticipation will usually rely upon reading about relevant and complementary topics as well as seeking specialized opinions. The reference list includes books that provide approaches to future issues and problems. Even though it may seem unrealistic at this time, carefully crafted future thinking may position your project far ahead of anything else at that time. The book Cradle to Cradle (McDonough Braumgart 2002) is a good example of addressing the challenges we need to address. In the classic through-life approach we talk about ‘cradle to the grave’ to reflect that at the end of its useful life, equipment is disposed of in some way. In the ‘cradle to cradle’ concept the emphasis is on designing products and their packaging so that at the end of useful life they are regenerated, rather than just discarded thoughtlessly. Remaining Useful Life (RUL) is one of the measures of performance that is often used to asses an asset. This is usually calculated on classical economic bases to get the most profitable life out of an asset. However, it may be that other criteria included in the G3 or Triple Bottom Line reporting are the drivers of the Remaining Useful Life of the project. When considering the sustainability impact on projects it is necessary to take a systems view and think proactively about the through-life sustainability issues of a project. Just because the issue seems unrealistic at this time, does not mean that it could not turn into a significant problem to resolve in the future. That is, significant management problems may be created for the future.  © University of Southern Queensland 6 MGT8021 – Project sustainability management 1. 4 Sustainability considerations for project sectors In a practical sense, sustainability issues are driven by Environmental Impact Statements. There are two broad considerations: statutory and voluntary. In some projects (such as mining) there is a statutory requirement to perform an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and publish the findings in an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Don’t get caught up in the actual terms, as there is little consensus on what constitutes an EIA or an EIA. In most cases, it will be decided by the circumstances of the project. On other projects there may not be any statutory requirement; however, given the attitude of the community towards major projects, there may be a need for voluntary consideration of the issues addressed in Environmental Impact Statement requirements. It is not possible to identify all considerations for all sectors and table 1. 1 provides a summary of the key general considerations to be addressed. Table 1. 1: Environmental considerations by project sector Sector Considerations Aviation Air worthiness, passenger comfort, passenger safety, reputation Property Physical appearance, occupant safety, public safety Engineering Design strength, maintenance, maintenance support, integrity Infrastructure Service provision, public safety, extremely long life Software Media, programming skills, configuration, documentation Quite often there are numerous regulations that prescribe the issues to be considered for sustainability. This is achieved through environmental investigations into a particular project. The Wyaralong Dam is a new project to build a dam near Beaudesert, south of Brisbane in Queensland, Australia. This project requires an Environmental Impact Statement, the details of which are available at: http://www. deedi. qld. gov. au/cg/wyaralong-dam-project. html Log onto the URL above and skim through the scope of considerations for such a project. Now, log onto the URL below for a fact sheet on environmental impact statements: http://www. pa. qld. gov. au/register/p00320aa. pdf While at this site navigate to the various links to obtain a wider perspective of the considerations of the environmental impact statements. Focus on the first three elements of this fact sheet.  © University of Southern Queensland MGT8021 – Project sustainability management 7 ? assess the potential adverse an d beneficial environmental, economic, and social impacts of the project; ? provide information to the public about the project and its impacts; ? obtain input from the community and stakeholders about the project, its impacts and management; These three elements address the core considerations that need to be addressed to demonstrate the sustainability of the project. Although there are many elements listed in the fact sheet, it is realistic to assume that if these three elements are not done correctly the project will find progress difficult for a number of reasons not associated with the technical aspects of the project. A significant issue that faces global organizations is to ensure that the sustainability considerations for projects that are legal in one jurisdiction are not illegal in another jurisdiction. Many larger organizations have Codes of Practice or Codes of Conduct to assure an independent legal authority that the integrity of their processes is compliant. Assuring project sustainability in your sector may fall into this realm of compliance reporting. You will need to find out to ensure that this matter is addressed otherwise it poses a significant legal and financial risk to the organization. That is, how do the governance responsibilities and accountabilities drive the requirements for sustainability considerations in your sector? To consolidate your understanding of sustainability considerations you should explore the statutory and voluntary considerations for project sustainability in your local area. 1. 5 Draft a sustainability model for a project A model is the description of reality. However, as many different people will have a diverse perception of reality, it is often difficult in a consensus environment developing a model. The risk adverse approach is to adopt a model developed by another group and adapt or adopt it for the group’s purpose. Sometimes this will work and sometimes it will not. Even with these difficulties it is still beneficial to consider the elements of a sustainability model. Reading activity 1. 5 Selected reading 1. 4 is a report on a national sustainability initiative. Sustainability models can take many forms and have different starting points, and an example of this is the Australian National Sustainability Initiative (ANSI) (Australian National Biocentre Inc. 2004). Look at the cover photo. It shows the interface between urban and un-developed land, with a creek as the boundary. If you look at the creek you will notice that it is a series of water holes. Now, count how many swimming pools are located in the adjoining private residences. Can our water courses sustain private swimming pools? Read through this initiative and form your own views about whether this document offers a baseline as a suitable model for sustainability? If it does: how and why; if it does not: how and why not?  © University of Southern Queensland 8 MGT8021 – Project sustainability management The basic model for sustainability is based on the balance between economics, ecology and society. Dorf (2001) paragraph 2. 3 addresses this triple bottom line approach. Figure 1. 1 provides an approach to a general model for sustainability. Figure 1. 1: The interdependence of economics, ecology and society (Source: Dorf 2001, p. 43) In this model the three elements of triple bottom line accounting are divided into four main groups of corporation, cultural values, community, and person. These groups are further subdivided into twelve components to be considered. In your current or future experience you will come across models with more than 100 components. Dorf (2001, p. 51) lists ten principles of sustainable business practices. There practices were developed by the Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economics (CERES). In these examples from Dorf we see approaches to models based on a relatively few components. In drafting a model it is suggested that you work with 10–12 components to keep it understandable. If there are too many components it will be difficult to maintain comprehension of what is being modeled and this will make it difficult to communicate your model. Key aspects will get lost in the minutia of the detail. The twelve points proposed in figure1. are analogous to the standard twelve points of the compass, and this makes it easy to present to a wider audience. Other approaches to a model include the G3 reporting framework (Global Reporting Initiative 2008). The G3 describes how sustainability should be reported and this makes it a model in its own right. But this is a very detailed approach and is probably better approached through a more general higher model such as in Figure 1. 1. When drafting a sustainability model it is necessary to collect as many approaches to a model as is possible and to make them as inclusive as possible. The key issue is to be able to find the balance for your project that is accepted by the wider stakeholders, and does not trivialize important issues. This might mean that you have to research many aspects of the project, other than its technical components in order to draft a good model. In the supplementary reading list are several titles that provide a range of views to consider when developing project management strategies and plans.  © University of Southern Queensland MGT8021 – Project sustainability management 9 In this module we look at sustainability as a separate issue. However, it must be seen as part of the quality management system of an organization. ISO9000 is a set of standards for quality management maintained by the International Organization for Standardization , and proposes figure 2. 1 as a model for the delivery of quality within an organization. Sustainability is part of the quality system and should not be treated separately from it or exclude it. In this context, the quality system should also include project management standards such as those in the Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) (Project Management Institute 2004). Thus, the key drivers in the project are addressed through the one paradigm of quality. Figure 1. 2: Model of a process-based quality management system (Source: ISO9000 2006, p. 3) In the quality diagram shown in figure 1. 2, the various stakeholders are clearly identified as input customers who are imposing requirements on the system. In the product realization phase, (the project) the requirements come to life and treated as part of the continuously improving aspects of the quality management systems. For those who use Six Sigma processes in their organization, the same link is made. A model for sustainability should not be seen as a separate model, but inclusive of and derived for and from the quality management system. All of the sustainability issues and considerations that we have addressed can be addressed within the quality management system model. This is probably the most powerful model to represent the commitment of the organization to sustainability. Conclusions Projects are an important mechanism to deliver the goods and services of all types that we require for living. This also includes the delivery of goods and services in the aid of others or natural disasters. University of Southern Queensland 10 MGT8021 – Project sustainability management Projects do not exist in a vacuum and impact on all aspects of society, economy and resources. This is represented by the triple bottom line approach to accounting, and this puts projects beyond the classic economic theory decision processes. There is increasing pressure on organizations to deliver projec ts that are more than simply good profit to the shareholders. The current and increasing requirement emphasizes the need to ensure that the project also brings benefits to society as a whole. To be able to consider this wider systems approach, it is necessary to proactively adopt an approach to projects that places correct emphasis on components that affect the sustainability of the project. These components could be as economically obtuse as placing high value on areas of biodiversity as the more measurable of higher levels of Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT). Being able to successfully navigate through sustainability issues is an increasingly important skill of the project manager.

Friday, May 1, 2020

Teens and Gangs. What the Catholic Church says. Essay Example For Students

Teens and Gangs. What the Catholic Church says. Essay .. Teens and Gangs What the church says The Churchs position of crime like theft, gangs, rape, murder, perjury, etc. has been addressed firstly in the ten commandments, particularly numbers four, five, six, seven, eight, nine and ten. These commandments deal with human relationships and how we are to love our neighbor. The Churchs stance on these topics of crime are that they are sinful and selfish, and they do not foster a love for our neighbor and help those who are weak or in need. The forth commandment is, you shall remember the Sabbath and keep it Holy. This commandment teaches us that we should take time out to praise God , but if your in a gang you are constantly being involved in non-Catholic situations that draw gang members further from the Lord. If they understood what God has done for them they wouldnt be disrespecting Him. The fifth commandment is Honor your Father and Mother. Gang members think that being in a gang is like being in a family. So, without any parental guidance there is no room for honor for anyone. They think that being in a gang is a family, but they have no idea what real family is and they deny that they ever had a chance to be in a real family. The sixth commandment is Thou shall not kill. Everyday we read or hear in the news about someone being killed because of gang violence. This commandment is the most important and the most serious. Killing someone just because they arent like you is wrong. Sometimes gangs misjudge who they kill. It might be you walking down the street wearing the wrong color shirt and you wind up getting shot. This is just another example of how violent gangs are and teens who enter this world of violence never amount to anything. The seventh commandment is Thou shall not commit adultery. Sometimes well read in the paper about a rape or something of that natur e and it sometimes turns out it was people in a gang that end up doing these kind of acts. This commandment should to respect everyone, but then again gang members play by their own rules and they dont pay attention to what people say. The eighth commandment is thou shall not steal. If you dont think that gangs steal your in for a surprise. It doesnt matter if its just a couple of bucks or a brand new car, gangs will steal anything. Think about it, have you ever seen a gang member working? I havent. How else are they going to get money. The answer to that is stealing. This commandment should teach them to respect everyones belongings. The ninth commandment is Thou shall not bear false witness. Some teen gang members wind up in court or in jail. Most of them are there because of gang violence that they got caught for, there may be other gang members that didnt get caught. But, the person that did get caught wont rat out his fellow gang members because they dont think its right and that is lying about what really happened. If that gang member might have given the names of the other members than he or she might have gotten off scot free but some serve life sentences in jail for not ratting them out. It doesnt matter how you look at things the church and the bible know that teen gang violence is wrong and needs to be stopped. Words/ Pages : 581 / 24

Saturday, April 18, 2020

The Meaning of Abel Scribe Apa Lite for College Papers

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