History Extended Essay

History Extended Essay 20th speed of light Stalinist computer computer architecture How did the asylum of Stalins seven babes transform capital of the Russian Federation into a contemporaneous metropolis eon at the same time surrendering Soviet communism to the innovation 1947-1957? On the Cover ( variety 1) Kotelnicheskaya Embankment residential complex dominates over the Kremlin Cathedrals in capital of the Russian Federations appargonnt horizon. 1. Abstract Stalins seven-spot Sister twists (Vysotki) irreversibly transformed the long skyline of capital of the Russian Federation, and ultimately aided Stalin in his avocation of a new-made-day European city subsequently homo warfare II.Although these massive architectural masterpieces hold a legacy that resonates magnif sorbetnce end-to-end the architectural aspects of Stalins era, the sevener Sisters hold a controversial account statement behind them, considering the fact that the trapping needs of the prole tariat were disregarded aft(prenominal) 1945 up until Khrushchevs epoch. I have then decided to examine the means in which Stalins septenary Sister makes transformed capital of the Russian Federation into a new-fashioned city whilst displaying Soviet communism to the world.Therefore, the subsequent suspense that comprehensively investigates the companionable, policy- make and economic rivals of the vii Sisters is How did the man of Stalins seven-spot Sisters transform capital of the Russian Federation into a present-day(a) city patch simultaneously presenting Soviet Communism to the world from 1947-1957? This paper will investigate any(prenominal) the different aspects surrounding the creation of the Vysotki, and analyze the subsequent upholds on Soviet culture.This will be achieved by analyzing various primary and secondary sources regarding the cardinal Sisters, along with a comprehensive interpretation of a lecture given in the capital of the Russian Federatio n Shch single-valued functionv Architectural Museum that I attended on October 10th, 2012. Although the overture of capital of the Russian Federation into a contemporary European city is characterized by legion(predicate) different aspects, including the capital of the Russian Federation metro brass and other forms of Stalinist architecture, the seven-spot Sisters ultimately specify capital of the Russian Federation with an architectural legacy that remains manifest to present day.Therefore, Stalins Vysotki played a significant role in the creation of Moscow into a contemporary city, and presented Soviet Communism in Russia with architectural railyardeur and magnificence. Abstract Word Count 271 2. Introduction How did the creation of Stalins seven-spot Sisters transform Moscow into a contemporary city while simultaneously presenting Soviet Communism to the world from 1947 to 1957? In baseb all(prenominal) club to conceptualize the political, economic and social status of t he Soviet juncture subsequently World contend II, it is congenital to evaluate the impact of the war on the USSR in multiple aspects.In 1945, while the Red Army controlled all of eastern Europe and occupied such(prenominal)(prenominal) cities as Riga, Vilnius, Tallinn, Sofia, Budapest, Prague, Vienna and strugglesaw, to a greater extent of Russias European cities lay washed-up from 4 eld of war. The Soviet existence suffered an estimated 25 one million million million deaths during the cut of the war a statistic that significantly exceeds the frame of deaths of any other country in the world during the war. Similar to the decimation of its population, the Soviet marrows economy was substantially depleted afterward the war.Approximately wizard fourth of Russias capital resources were destroyed, subsequently causing a prominent decrease in the Soviet sodalitys industrial and coarse output, contrary to the output goals set forth by the Five hang of instruction Plan s. On the other hand, the political status of the Soviet governing body had comparatively positive prospects, as the Soviet Union was virtually the only capacious king in Continental Europe to emerge from the war with the same political regime it had at the down of the war.Stalin remained in power throughout the course of the war, and essentially continued his oppressive rule after 1945, sending content minorities and even Soviet prisoners of war suspected of supporting fascism to mass exile. in spite of the economic depression of the Soviet Union after World warfare II, Joseph Stalin thought the USSR needed a strategy to glorify its capital, Moscow, to celebrate the great victory and send a message to its former allies who were promptly becoming its geopolitical rivals the US and westsideern European Allies.Stalins architectural ideology at this intend was non to resolve the crushing housing crisis and rebuild the devastated nation, but to spend a major portion of gove rnment financial support on the twist of what would become Moscows cardinal Sister buildings, or Vysotki ( genuinely translated as high-rise buildings). The original intend for the vii Sisters was based on Boris Iofans prize- benignant plan for the Palace of Soviets building, a grand political edifice that was meant to exceed the Empire invoke Building in overall height.Essentially, the creation of the Vysotki would allow Stalin to leave his deliver personal act upon on the citys skyline, and to rival many other world powers at the time such as Great Britain and the United articulates, which had their own prized architectural landmarks recognized the world over. While the Palace of Soviets was never built, its edifice repeatedly delayed by the onset of the war and diversion of vane to the munitions and weapons factories, the process did leave an indelible imprint on the city, as the massive Cathedral of Christ the Savior was torn down to make manner for the Palace. . Background In organic law bode 2 Ministry of contradictory personal business Figure 2 Ministry of external affairs The erection of the Vysotki started in 1947, two historic period after the end of World state of war II. The future plans for the creation of the septette Sisters included three ministries, three hotels and one multi-purpose governmental building. In price of location, the general plan for the placement of the buildings was to arrange the Seven Sisters in a circle, surrounding the center of Moscow.This plan was done to aesthetically symmetricalness the skyline of Moscow, as intimately of the buildings in the city at the time were at most six or seven stories in height. Strategically placing these huge, advance(a) structures evenly throughout the city would give Moscow a newfangled aura to it after the war, and would essentially transform Moscow into a modern European city. The first of the Seven Sisters to be finished was the Ministry of Foreign Affairs b uilding (see Figure 2), which was built from 1947 to 1954. The main architects behind this building were V. G. GelfreihandA. B.Minkus, and the creation of this building ultimately set the benchmark for the next six Vysotki, as it stood out in the city with both magnificence and its grand scale. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs building had certain rhetorical features that influenced the plans for the other six Vysotki, such as obelisks in the main entrance, the Soviet hammer and sickle on the sides of the building, and the massive spire on top of the of import tower. The specific use of the hammer and sickle symbol on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs building suggests the Soviet Unions strength, as it project the power of the Soviet diplomacy world over.The building reached a total of 172 meters, including 27 stories, making it the tallest building in Moscow at the time. The second of the ministries, after the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is the Red Gates (Krasniye Vorota) administr ative building. Designed by Alexei Dushkin, this administrative building is 133 meters tall, containing 24 usable floors. The method in which this Vysotka was built is particularly advance(a), as Dushkin proposed erecting the building initially tilted to one side, so that the calorie-free soil of Moscow would not have a negative impact on the structural stability of the building.More than 200 holes were drilled and filled with ice downstairs the foundation of the building, to maintain the soils strength while the building was being constructed. As this Vysotka concluded construction, the ice was deliberately run and the tilted building shifted into an upright state, in which it currently stands. The purpose of this building was to house the Ministry of Railways, with whose officials Alexei Dushkin himself cooperated during the design and construction. Dushkin is known mostly for his work on the Moscow resistance stations however, the Ministry of Railways holds a puff up-respec ted place in his architectural legacy.Although the initial plans for the Seven Sisters included three ministry buildings, only two were built, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Railways. The third ministry building was replaced by the Moscow articulate (Lomonosov) University building, upon Stalins demand. Drafted by Boris Iofan and inaugurated in 1953, the Lomonosov University building is 236 meters tall, with 36 floors. The sheer magnitude of this building prevail the Moscow skyline in its early years and is visible from many points of the city to this day. It still holds the title of being the worlds largest educational building.In this respect, Stalin partially achieved one of his objectives the recognition of Moscow as a contemporary European city on a global scale. 4. Influences of Stalinist Architecture In order to analyze the pith of the Seven Sisters on the intonation of Moscow to a contemporary European city, it is essential to establish Stalinist Arch itecture as a short-lived architectural drift that experienced a definite starting point and definite end. This aspect of Stalinist architecture is specifically unique, as other styles of architecture are typically dispersed throughout long periods of history, without delimitate start and end dates.Therefore, the defined beginning of Stalinist architecture, close totimes referred to as Stalinist Gothic or Socialist classicalism, originated in 1933, with Boris Iofans design for the massive Palace of Soviets building. end-to-end a defined 20 year time period, Socialist Classicism reigned dominant in the Soviet Union as the preferred style of architecture. that, in 1955, two years after Stalins death, Nikita Khrushchev issued a social club On Excesses in Architecture that deemed Stalinist architecture extinct and began the start of a new architectural age in Moscow and the consist of the Soviet Union.Khrushchevs preferred style of architecture, compared to Stalins love for arch itectural magnificence and grandiose Roman Empire inspired design, was significantly more(prenominal) conservative, as Khrushchev and his administration focused on a pragmatic closure to the lack of housing for the masses in the Soviet Union. The architecture in Moscow after 1955 was thus comparatively simplistic and practical, and was ultimately defined by the khrushchyovka, 5 story, identical, pre-fabricated apartment buildings meant to house a significant bar of families in relatively tight quarters.Named after Khruschev himself, the key element of these buildings was the quick production of their concrete panels in manufacturing plants and rapid assembly on site. The innovation of these buildings was to resolve the housing shortage rapidly, as their life span was projected as 40 years an architectural and construction strategy whose impact is now being acutely felt in modern Russia, as these building are now crumbling and require replacement.Figure 3 Boris Iofans winning design for the never-built Palace of Soviets Recreated in 3D exclusive as a modern rendering of what the building would look kindred if it were constructed20. Figure 3 Boris Iofans winning design for the never-built Palace of Soviets Recreated in 3D Max as a modern rendering of what the building would look like if it were constructed20. Shifting to the influences on Socialist Classicism as an architectural style, it is essential to consider the effect of Ancient Grecian and Roman style on Soviet Architects from 1933 to 1955.As Boris Iofans winning design for the Palace of Soviets building essentially defined the boundaries of Stalinist architecture, Iofans individual influences must be interpreted into consideration (see Figure 3). After visiting New York, Chicago, capital of Italy and Berlin, Iofan remarked in an issue of the Soviet newspaper Pravda that wherever I Iofan might travel, any(prenominal) I might see, I approached everything from a particular point of pile what of all this has to be taken home to the Soviet Union.Therefore, Iofans ideology essentially reflects upon Stalinist architecture with influences from American, Italian (subsequently Roman), and German architecture. Although Stalin marveled at the Seven Sisters and Iofans Palace of Soviets plan, he ultimately contradicted himself and disregarded Iofans work as being too cosmopolitan (Western-influenced) and lacking stylistic features individual to the Soviet Union. 5. Relevance of Stalinist ArchitectureIn order to assess the relevancy of Stalinist architecture between 1945-1957, it is important to put the events of the Cold War into context. First of all, tension between the United avers and the Soviet Union unendingly rose from 1945 to 1957, starting with the disagreements between the USA and the USSR at the Yalta conference in February 1945 and the Potsdam conference in July 1945. For instance, at the Yalta conference, Roosevelt and Churchill did not accept Stalins intention to annex Eastern Poland.Furthermore, at the Potsdam conference, Stalin promised free elections past the Oder-Neisse line. However, free elections were never held and the Soviet government eventually persecuted Polish nationalists. In cost of economic retraceion, the Soviet Union had joined the World Bank and the International pecuniary Fund (IMF) in 1944. However, when the Soviet Union applied for a $6 billion lend from the United severalizes, America immediately imposed conditions on the loan.These conditions included the opening of eastern European markets to American products, which in effect reflected the dollar diplomacy strategy of the United conjures using its economic power and intact industry to reach its geopolitical goals on the devastated European continent. Stalins reaction to the forced conditions on the six billion dollar loan was undoubtedly negative. However, the Soviet Union was in great need of funding after its economy was significantly depleted after the war. However, Stalin had controversial aims as to what would be done with all government funding regarding the reconstruction of Russia after World War II. With millions of people deceased and hundreds of thousands of homes destroyed, it is argued by many historians that the building of Khrushchyovka, small and simplistic residential buildings built to maximize housing put and housing multiple families in communal apartments, would more rapidly reconstruct Russia after the war.However, Stalin focused more on the creation of the Vysotki rather than Khrushchyovka, thus using a substantially larger portion of the governments money on expensive, grand buildings, yet not expenditure liberal on building pragmatic housing solutions that would have helped a much larger share of Soviet population. For example, the entire city of Stalingrad took approximately 2 billion Russian rubles to completely reconstruct after the war, however in comparison, the Moscow State Lomonosov University building t ook about 2. 6 billion Russian rubles alone, approximating 415 million British pounds in contemporary monetary terms.Stalins method of spending billions of rubles on the building of the Seven Sisters was immensely controversial. Nonetheless, while he remained in power very few people dared to oppose any of his decisions or his architectural ideology. In other words, up until March 1953, when Joseph Stalin died, Stalins cult of personality ultimately undermined any attempt to consider spending less governmental funds on the creation of the Vysotki. Public faith after Stalins death was split, as one side promote the Seven Sisters, claiming that the new high-rise buildings essentially beautified the capital of Soviet Russia.Many others concord with the new Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev that Stalins spending spree on a few grand buildings did not benefit the Soviet Union and ultimately did more damage than good. One simple reason to knock the Seven Sister project is that two of th e grand buildings were built as hotels Leningradskaya and Ukraine catering to foreign tourists. However, the Cold War tensions slowed any tourism from the West to a trickle and the two hotels stood largely vacant, while millions of Russians struggled without adequate housing, their homes destroyed in the war. 6.Incorporation of the Seven Sisters into the City of Moscow In the architectural soil of the Soviet Union, the main project was to rebuild Moscow in an innovative and loftyistically planned manner. This massive project to rebuild Moscow was placed in the hands of the Communist Partys Central Committee, and in June 1931, a resolution was generated that essentially provided the guidelines of how each city was going to be rebuilt. The Union of Soviet Architects subsequently utilized these plans to determine the amounts of funding to be exhausted on the rebuilding of each Soviet city.Although the plans to reconstruct the city of Leningrad were considered the most prominent, t he majority of funding was given to Moscow, as it was the nations capital. Therefore, the city of Moscow was to be deemed as the ideal socialist city, a utopia that reflected the ideology of Socialism and conveyed the positive link between architectural splendor and Soviet achievements in all other realms of life education, government, science, industry and the arts. However this model of a socialist city contained numerous ironies, due to the universal Plan for Moscows components.The plan envisioned a relatively non-industrial landscape, as factories and other industrial plants were to be banned in central Moscow and mass housing (Kommunalka) significantly reduced. These plans, in effect, resembled the typical contemporary city of a capitalist society, such as the United States. Considering the internalization of the Seven Sisters into Moscow in aesthetic terms, the general plans for rebuilding Moscow called for the Vysotki to be the predominant elements of the citys skyline.Rel ating back to the initial plans of the prospective Seven Sisters, the design consisted of the seven high-rise buildings to be aligned in a circular formation. Although this was mainly done in order to balance the skyline of Moscow, thus avoiding the clutter of skyscrapers in a condensed area, Stalin proposed that this circular formation would psychologically and optically coronate the capital city of Russia. The Seven Sisters, would therefore crown Moscow, representing architectural jewels, much like the composition of a literal crown.This idea of crowning Moscow suggests multiple things, including Stalins vision for Soviet pride in the victory in World War II and nationalistic ideology, as well as the suggestion that Moscow with its Seven Sisters is superior and more grandiose in contrast with other contemporary European cities. Figure 4 Moscow State University (Lomonosov University) 7. Moscows Progression into a Contemporary European City Figure 5 Moscow Metro, Kievskaya Station Figure 5 Moscow Metro, Kievskaya StationWith consideration to Moscows gradual progression into a contemporary European city, the Seven Sisters and numerous other architectural projects all contributed to the innovative re-imaging and rebuilding of Stalins showpiece city. Perhaps one of the most glorious aspects of Muscovite architecture in a way that affects the citys enormous 15 million population to this day is the Moscow city metro system (see Figure 5). Initially opened for use in 1935, the Moscow Metro was the first underground railway system in the Soviet Union.Although not only pragmatic in its use, moving close to 4 million people a day in 2012, the metro system in Moscow is famous for its stations architectural and artistic magnificence, complete with bronzy chandeliers, marble floors and mosaic and sculptural art works unimaginable in the drab, utilitarian metro systems of New York or London. Furthermore, adding to the practicalities of the new Moscow, the urban plannin g of the city ultimately helped define Moscow as a modern European city. More specifically, it was the Moscow Master Plan of 1935 that ultimately adumbrate the way Moscow was to be reconstructed.Stalin instigated a numerable amount of changes to the urban planning of Moscow, which in turn supported his funding of expensive corps de ballet projects, thus favoring luxury over the needs of millions of middle and disdain class workers in the city. For instance, city blocks were to be increased from 2 hectares up to 15 hectares, and the population density was limited to 400 people per 1 hectare. Additionally, all new buildings were required to be at least 6 stories high, while first-rate streets (embankments) had to be 10 or 14 stories high.These new rules efficaciously banned the production of inexpensive and mass constructed housing units, as well as single-family houses. 8. Conclusion Figure 6 Triumph Palace Figure 6 Triumph Palace When evaluating the city of Moscow from an aest hetic point of view, it is the Seven Sisters that generally stand out most prominently among the vast skyline of Moscow. The Vysotki did not only leave a strong visual impact on the city, they also leave both an architectural and social legacy that has proven to influence modern architecture throughout the world.There are numerous positive and negative impacts caused by the building of the Seven Sisters, which ultimately define the legacy of the massive Stalinist high-rises. First of all, Stalins Vysotki delivered a newfound architectural magnificence into the capital city of Moscow. With influences from Ancient Greek and Roman architecture, the Seven Sisters gave the city a luxuriously grand aura. The stylistic features of the Seven Sister buildings have been repeated several times in modern architecture globally, thus proving to be an influential legacy leftfield by the Vysotki.For instance, the Triumph Palace in Moscow, built in 2004, takes the architectural magnificence of the Vysotki and converts the features into a modern representation of a Seven Sister building (see Figure 6). This massive apartment building purposefully resembles a Seven Sister building, and is sometimes referred to as the Eighth Sister. However, relative to the issues dispute the nation at the time of the construction of Stalins Seven Sisters, the Vysotki left unanswered the more pragmatic and humanistic problems, as the housing crisis after World War II was not resolved.As mentioned previously, the total funding of the Lomonosov State University building exceeded the total funding for the reconstruction of the entire city of Stalingrad. Of course Stalingrad did not have nearly as many plans for grand buildings as Moscow, however the lack of housing in Stalingrad was resolved much more effectively than in Moscow, in light of a relatively lower need for funding in comparison with the capital city. In terms of Stalins architectural preferences, Moscow was to be reconstructed as the ideal socialist city, with all unattractive mass housing units moved to the outskirts of the city.Although these buildings eventually solved the issue of the lack of housing, the dull nature of the Khrushchyovka was criticized by many, claiming that the buildings constructed under Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev were aesthetically unpleasant. The method of constructing these mass housing units was parodied by the Soviet prevalent film Irony of Fate, which was produced in 1975, approximately 20 years after the initial implementation of these buildings.When determining the relevance of Stalins Seven Sister buildings, the question must be asked How did the creation of Stalins Seven Sisters transform Moscow into a contemporary city while simultaneously presenting Soviet Communism to the world from 1947-1957? Although the gradual transformation of Moscow into a modern European city is characterized by various different aspects, such as the urban planning and architecture of Moscow, the c onclusion can be made that the Seven Sisters played a significant role in Moscows progression.To a large extent, the Vysotki helped define the city of Moscow with an architectural legacy, and also gave Moscow the distinguished individuality that Stalin pushed for. In some aspects, Stalins Seven Sisters ultimately gave Moscow what the Khrushchyovka could not, architectural gems that are world-renowned to this present day. Sources 1. Texts 1. Andreev, EM, et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922-1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. 2. Amir Weiner, do Sense of War The Second World War and the Fate of the bolshy Revolution, Princeton Princeton University Press (2001). 3. Kustova, Anna. Moscows Seven Sisters. Lecture, Shchusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, Russia, October 10th 2012. 4. Kiernan, Maria. 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Fig. 4, Dmitry A. Mottl, Lomonosov Moscow State University, September 21, 2012. Photograph. Own Work. 36 . Fig. 5, A. Savin, Kievskaya Metro Station, 2010. Photograph. Own Work. 37 . Russian 70 , World Architecture Magazine, no. 14, 2005, . 3052 (Moscow Metro, 70 Years, pages 3052) 38 . Katerina Clark. Moscow, The Fourth Rome Stalinism, Cosmopolitanism, and the Evolution of Soviet Culture, 1931-1941. Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvar d University Press, 2011. Page 216. 39 .Russian ? (?) 10 1935 ?. N 1435 ? (SNK and the Central Committee of the CPSU. July 10, 1935 N 1435 The Master Plan for Reconstruction of Moscow) 40 . Katerina Clark. Moscow, The Fourth Rome Stalinism, Cosmopolitanism, and the Evolution of Soviet Culture, 1931-1941. Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press, 2011. 41 . Fig. 6, Andreykov, Viktorenko Street 10, 2011. Photograph. Own Work 42 . Kustova, Anna. Moscows Seven Sisters. Lecture, Shchusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, Russia, October 10th 2012.